The Eight Sounds (八音)
The eight categories are: silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd and hide. There are other instruments which may not fit these classifications.
Silk (絲)
Silk instruments are mostly stringed instruments (including those that are plucked, bowed, and struck). Since ancient times the Chinese have used twisted silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used. Instruments in the silk category include:
Traditional chinese music-Gu Zheng
Plucked
Guqin (Chinese: 古琴; pinyin: gǔqín) - 7-stringed zither
Se (Chinese: 瑟; pinyin: sè) - 25-stringed zither with moveable bridges (ancient sources say 13, 25 or 50 strings)
Guzheng (古箏) - 16-26 stringed zither with movable bridges
Pipa (琵琶) - pear-shaped fretted lute with 4 or 5 strings
Sanxian (三弦) - plucked lute with body covered with snakeskin and long fretless neck
Ruan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) - moon-shaped lute in five sizes: gaoyin-, xiao-, zhong-, da-, and diyin-; sometimes called ruanqin (阮琴)
Liuqin (柳琴) - small plucked, fretted lute with a pear-shaped body and four strings
Yueqin (月琴) - plucked lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs
Qinqin (秦琴) - plucked lute with a wooden body and fretted neck; also called meihuaqin (梅花琴, literally "plum blossom instrument," on account of its flower-shaped body)
Duxianqin (simplified Chinese: 独弦琴; traditional Chinese: 獨弦琴) - plucked zither with only one string
Erhu video
Bowed
Re-enactment of an ancient traditional music performance
Huqin (胡琴) - family of vertical fiddles
Erhu (二胡) - two-stringed fiddle
Zhonghu (中胡) - two-stringed fiddle, lower pitch than erhu
Gaohu (高胡) - two-stringed fiddle, higher pitch than erhu; also called yuehu (粤胡)
Banhu (板胡) - two-stringed fiddle with a coconut resonator and wooden face, used primarily in northern China
Jinghu (京胡) - two-stringed fiddle, very high pitched, used mainly for Beijing opera
Jing erhu (京二胡) - erhu used in Beijing opera
Erxian (二弦) - two-stringed fiddle, used in Cantonese, Chaozhou, and nanguan music
Tiqin (提琴) - two-stringed fiddle, used in kunqu, Chaozhou, Cantonese, Fujian, and Taiwanese music
Yehu (椰胡) - two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used primarily in Cantonese and Chaozhou music
Daguangxian (大广弦) - two-stringed fiddle used in Taiwan and Fujian, primarily by Min Nan and Hakka people; also called datongxian (大筒弦), guangxian (广弦), and daguanxian (大管弦)
Datong (大筒) - two-stringed fiddle used in the traditional music of Hunan
Kezaixian (壳仔弦) - two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used in Taiwan opera
Liujiaoxian (六角弦) - two-stringed fiddle with hexagonal body, similar to the jing erhu; used primarily in Taiwan
Tiexianzai (鐵弦仔) - a two-stringed fiddle with metal amplifying horn at the end of its neck, used in Taiwan; also called guchuixian (鼓吹弦)
Hexian (和弦) - large fiddle used primarily among the Hakka of Taiwan
Huluqin (葫芦琴) - two-stringed fiddle with gourd body used by the Naxi of Yunnan
Huluhu (simplified Chinese: 葫芦胡; traditional Chinese: 葫盧胡) - two-stringed fiddle with gourd body used by the Zhuang of Guangxi
Maguhu (simplified Chinese: 马骨胡; traditional Chinese: 馬骨胡; pinyin: mǎgǔhú) - two-stringed fiddle with horse bone body used by the Zhuang and Buyei peoples of southern China
Tuhu (土胡) - two-stringed fiddle used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi
Jiaohu (角胡) - two-stringed fiddle used by the Gelao people of Guangxi, as well as the Miao and Dong
Sihu (四胡) - four-stringed fiddle with strings tuned in pairs
Sanhu (三胡) - 3-stringed erhu with an additional bass string; developed in the 1970s [1]
Zhuihu (simplified Chinese: 坠胡; traditional Chinese: 墜胡) - two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
Zhuiqin (traditional: 墜琴; simplified: 坠琴) - two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
Leiqin (雷琴) - two-stringed fiddle with fingerboard
Dihu (低胡) - low pitched two-stringed fiddles in the erhu family, in three sizes:
Xiaodihu (小低胡) - small dihu, tuned one octave below the erhu
Zhongdihu (中低胡) - medium dihu, tuned one octave below the zhonghu
Dadihu (大低胡) - large dihu, tuned two octaves below the erhu
Dahu (大胡) - another name for the xiaodihu
Cizhonghu - another name for the xiaodihu
Gehu (革胡) - four-stringed bass instrument, tuned and played like cello
Diyingehu (低音革胡) - four stringed contrabass instrument, tuned and played like double bass
Laruan (拉阮) - four-stringed bowed instrument modeled on the cello
Paqin (琶琴) - modern bowed instrument
Dapaqin (大琶琴) - bass paqin
Dixianqin (低絃琴)
Niutuiqin or niubatui (牛腿琴 or 牛巴腿) - two-stringed fiddle used by the Dong people of Guizhou
Matouqin (馬頭琴) - (Mongolian: morin khuur) - Mongolian two-stringed "horsehead fiddle"
Xiqin (奚琴) - ancient prototype of huqin family of instruments
Yazheng (simplified: 轧筝; traditional: 軋箏) - bowed zither; also called yaqin (simplified: 轧琴; traditional: 軋琴)
Zhengni (筝尼) - bowed zither; used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi
Aijieke (艾捷克) - four-stringed bowed instrument used in Xinjiang; similar to kamancheh [2]
Sataer (萨它尔) - long-necked bowed lute used in Xinjiang
Struck
Yangqin (揚琴) - hammered dulcimer of varying strings struck using two bamboo hammers
Zhu (筑) - ancient zither, struck or plucked with a stick
Bamboo (竹)
A half-section of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) version of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, original by Gu Hongzhong;[1] the female musicians in the center of the image are playing transverse bamboo flutes and guan, and the male musician is playing a wooden clapper called paiban.
Dizi, also known as di (笛) or hengdi (橫笛), and has varieties including qudi (曲笛) and bangdi (梆笛)[2][3].
Bamboo mainly refers to woodwind instruments, which includes;
Flutes
Dizi (笛子) - transverse bamboo flute with buzzing membrane
Bangdi (梆笛)
Xiao (simplified Chinese: 箫; traditional Chinese: 簫; pinyin: xiāo) - end-blown flute; also called dongxiao (simplified Chinese: 洞箫; traditional Chinese: 洞簫)
Paixiao (simplified Chinese: 排箫; traditional Chinese: 排簫; pinyin: páixiāo) - pan pipes
Chi (篪; pinyin: chí) - ancient transverse bamboo flute
Yue (籥; pinyin: yuè) - ancient notched vertical bamboo flute with three finger holes; used in Confucian ritual music and dance
Xindi (新笛) - modern transverse flute with as many as 21 holes
Dongdi (侗笛) - wind instrument of the Dong people of southern China
Koudi (口笛; pinyin: kǒudí) - very small transverse bamboo flute
Oboes
Guan (Chinese: 管; pinyin: guǎn) - cylindrical double reed wind instrument made of either hardwood (Northern China) or bamboo (Cantonese); the northern version is also called guanzi (管子) or bili (traditional: 篳篥; simplified: 筚篥), the Cantonese version is also called houguan (喉管), and the Taiwanese version is called 鸭母哒仔, 鴨母笛, or Taiwan guan (台湾管)
Suona (simplified Chinese: 唢呐; traditional Chinese: 嗩吶) - double-reed wind instrument with a flaring metal bell; also called haidi (海笛)
Free reed pipes
Bawu (simplified Chinese: 巴乌; traditional Chinese: 巴烏; pinyin: bāwū) - side-blown free reed pipe with finger holes
Mangtong (芒筒; pinyin: mángtǒng) - end-blown free reed pipe producing a single pitch
Single reed pipes
Mabu (马布) - single-reed bamboo pipe played by the Yi people
Wood (木)
Most wood instruments are of the ancient variety:
Zhu (Chinese: 柷; pinyin: zhù) - a wooden box that tapers from the top to the bottom, played by hitting a stick on the inside, used to mark the beginning of music in ancient ritual music
Yu (Chinese: 敔; pinyin: yǔ) - a wooden percussion instrument carved in the shape of a tiger with a serrated back, played by hitting a stick with an end made of approximately 15 stalks of bamboo on its head three times and across the serrated back once to mark the end of the music
Muyu (simplified Chinese: 木鱼; traditional Chinese: 木魚; pinyin: mùyú) - a rounded woodblock carved in the shape of a fish, struck with a wooden stick; often used in Buddhist chanting
Paiban (拍板) - a clapper made from several flat pieces of wood; also called bǎn (板), tánbǎn (檀板), mùbǎn (木板), or shūbǎn (书板); when used together with a drum the two instruments are referred to collectively as guban (鼓板)
Zhuban (竹板, a clapper made from two pieces of bamboo)
Chiban (尺板)
Bangzi (梆子) - small, high-pitched woodblock; called qiaozi (敲子) or qiaoziban (敲子板) in Taiwan
Nan bangzi (南梆子)
Hebei bangzi (河北梆子)
Zhui bangzi (墜梆子)
Qin bangzi (秦梆子)
Stone
The "stone" category comprises various forms of stone chimes.
Bianqing (simplified Chinese: 编磬; traditional Chinese: 編磬; pinyin: biānqìng) - a rack of stone tablets that are hung by ropes from a wooden frame and struck using a mallet
Teqing (特鐘) - a single large stone tablet hung by a rope in a wooden frame and struck using a mallet
Metal (金)
Bianzhong (編鐘) - 65 to 100 bronze bells hung on a rack, struck using poles
Fangxiang (simplified Chinese: 方响; traditional Chinese: 方響; pinyin: fāngxiǎng; Wade-Giles: fang hsiang) - set of tuned metal slabs (metallophone)
Nao (鐃) - may refer to either an ancient bell or large cymbals
Shangnao (商鐃) - ancient bellphoto
Bo (鈸; also called chazi, 镲子) - cymbals
Xiaobo (小鈸, small cymbals)
Zhongbo (中鈸, medium cymbals; also called naobo (鐃鈸) or zhongcuo
Shuibo (水鈸, literally "water cymbals")
Dabo (大鈸, large cymbals)
Jingbo (京鈸)
Shenbo (深波) - deep, flat gong used in Chaozhou music; also called gaobian daluo (高边大锣)
Luo (simplified Chinese: 锣; traditional Chinese: 鑼; pinyin: luó) - gong
Daluo (大锣) - a large flat gong whose pitch drops when struck with a padded mallet
Fengluo (风锣) - literally "wind gong," a large flat gong played by rolling or striking with a large padded mallet
Xiaoluo (小锣) - a small flat gong whose pitch rises when struck with the side of a flat wooden stick
Yueluo (月锣) - small pitched gong held by a string in the palm of the hand and struck with a small stick; used in Chaozhou music
Jingluo (镜锣) - a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujian [3]
Kailuluo (开路锣)
Yunluo (simplified Chinese: 云锣; traditional Chinese: 雲鑼) - literally "cloud gongs"; 10 or more small tuned gongs in a frame
Shimianluo (十面锣) - 10 small tuned gongs in a frame
Qing (磬) - a cup-shaped bell used in Buddhist and Daoist ritual music
Daqing (大磬) - large qing
Pengling (碰铃; pinyin: pènglíng) - a pair of small bowl-shaped finger cymbals or bells connected by a length of cord, which are struck together
Dangzi (铛子) - a small, round, flat, tuned gong suspended by being tied with silk string in a round metal frame that is mounted on a thin wooden handlephoto; also called dangdang (铛铛)
Dianqing (引磬) - an inverted small bell affixed to the end of a thin wooden handlephoto
Yunzheng (云铮) - a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujian [4]
Chun (錞; pinyin: chún) - ancient bellphoto
Weichun (帷錞) - ancient hanging bell
Laba (喇叭) - A long, straight, valveless brass trumpet
Clay (土)
Xun (埙, Chinese: 塤; pinyin: xūn) - ocarina made of baked clay
Fou (Chinese: 缶; pinyin: fǒu) - clay pot played as a percussion instrument
Gourd (匏)
Sheng (Chinese: 笙; pinyin: shēng) - free reed mouth organ consisting of varying number of bamboo pipes inserted into a metal (formerly gourd or hardwood) chamber with finger holes
Baosheng (抱笙) - larger version of the Sheng
Yu (Chinese: 竽; pinyin: yú) - ancient free reed mouth organ similar to the sheng but generally larger
He (Chinese: 和; pinyin: he) - ancient free reed mouth organ similar to the sheng but smaller
Hulusi (simplified Chinese: 葫芦丝; traditional Chinese: 葫蘆絲; pinyin: húlúsī) - free-reed wind instrument with three bamboo pipes which pass through a gourd wind chest; one pipe has finger holes and the other two are drone pipes; used primarily in Yunnan province
Hulusheng (simplified Chinese: 葫芦笙; traditional Chinese: 葫蘆笙; pinyin: húlúshēng) - free-reed mouth organ with a gourd wind chest; used primarily in Yunnan province
Hide (革) A Chaozhou dagu (large drum)
A Chinese Bolanggu[6]
Dagu - (大鼓) - large drum played with two sticks
Huapengu (花盆鼓) - flowerpot-shaped large drum played with two sticks; also called ganggu (缸鼓)
Huzuo Dagu (虎座大鼓)
Huzuo Wujia Gu (虎座鳥架鼓)
Jian'gu (建鼓)
Bangu (板鼓) - small, high pitched drum used in Beijing opera
Biangu (扁鼓) - flat drum, played with sticks
Paigu (排鼓) - set of three to seven tuned drums played with sticks
Tanggu (堂鼓) - medium-sized barrel drum played with two sticks; also called tonggu (同鼓) or xiaogu (小鼓)
Biqigu (荸荠鼓) - a very small drum played with one stick, used in Jiangnan sizhu
Diangu (点鼓; also called huaigu, 怀鼓) - a double-headed frame drum played with a single wooden beater; used in the Shifangu ensemble music of Jiangsu province and to accompany to kunqu opera
Huagu (花鼓) - flower drum
Yaogu (腰鼓) - waist drum
Taipinggu (太平鼓) - flat drum with a handle; also called dangu (单鼓)
Zhangu (战鼓 or 戰鼓) - war drum; played with two sticks
Bajiao gu (八角鼓) - octagonal tambourine used primarily in narrative singing from northern China zh:八角鼓
Yanggegu (秧歌鼓) - rice planting drum
Bofu (搏拊) - ancient drum used to set tempo
Jiegu (羯鼓) - hourglass-shaped drum used during the Tang Dynasty
Tao (鼗; pinyin: táo) or taogu (鼗鼓) - a pellet drum used in ritual music
Bolang Gu (拨浪鼓；pinyin: bo lang gu）-a traditional Chinese pellet drum and toy
Others
Gudi (骨笛) - an ancient flute made of bone
Lilie (唎咧) - reed wind instrument with a conical bore played by the Li people of Hainan
Lusheng (simplified Chinese: 芦笙; traditional Chinese: 蘆笙; pinyin: lúshēng) - free-reed mouth organ with five or six pipes, played by various ethnic groups in southwest China and neighboring countries
Kouxian (口弦) - Jew's harp, made of bamboo or metal
Muye (木叶) - tree leaf used as a wind instrument
Playing contexts
Chinese instruments are either played solo, or collectively in large orchestras (as in the former imperial court) or in smaller ensembles (in teahouses or public gatherings). Normally, there is no conductor in traditional Chinese music, or use of musical scores or tablature whilst in performance. Music was generally learned orally and memorized by the musician(s) beforehand, then played without aid, meaning totally accuracy and teamwork is required. But nowadays, music scores can be used, or a conductor if the number of musicians is large enough for that need.
Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_instruments
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